In the economy and the business, the price is the numerical value monetary attributed of a good one, a service or a resource. The concept of the price is central to microeconomics where she is one of the most important 0 variable in the theory of the allocation of resource (also called theory the price). The price is also central to the marketing where she is one of the four 0 variable in the mixture of the marketing that the peoples of the business if use to develop a plant of the marketing. In the usual use, the price is the amount of the payment or the compensation for something. The peoples can say on a criminal who has ' paid the price to the society ' to imply that he paid to a penalty or a compensation. They can say that somebody paid for its folly to imply that it suffered the consequence. Price of the opinion of the economists as a relation of the exchange between the goods that pay for if. In case that that of barter between two goods whose the amounts are x and y, the price of x is the relation y/x, when the price of y will be the relation x/y. This interim was not used consistently, in way that the old confusion regarding the value reappeared frequently. The value of something is a counted amount in the common units of numeraire called value, that can exactly be good an imaginary one. That is made to compare different goods. The unit of the value is confused frequently with the price, because the value of market is calculated as the amount of some good one multiplied by its nominal price. The theory of the price affirms that the market price reflects an interaction between two considerações if opposing. In the one side will be the considerações of the demand based in the utility delinquent, when in the other side they are considerações of the source based in the cost delinquent. A price of the balance is presumption to be in a time that equal to the utility delinquent (counted in the units of the income) of the side of the purchaser and to the cost delinquent of the side of seller. Although this sight is accepted by almost each economist, and constitutes the nucleus of the economy mainstream, it was defied recently seriously. It had a time when the peoples had debated the US-VALUE against the value of exchange, wanting to know frequent on paradox of Diamante-Água (paradox of the value). The US-VALUE was presumption to give some measure of the utility, refined later as the benefit delinquent (that it is utility counted delinquent in common units of the value) when the value of exchange was the measure of how much a good age in the terms of another one, to know what now relative price is called. The difference enters the price of the money and the relative or real price (as the relation of the exchange) is made frequent. The price of the money is the price cited in the money when the relative or real price will be the relation of the exchange between not obstante real goods the money. The distinction is made to make the direction of the inflation. When all the prices are cited in the terms of units of the money, and the prices in units of the money change more or less proportionally, the exchange relation cannot move very. In the extreme case, if all the prices cited in the money to move in the same ratio, the relative price remain the same. It is now free space becoming that the distinction is not useful and does not hide certainly a main confusion. The conventional wisdom is that the proportional change in all the prices of the money does not affect the actual value, and daqui does not have to affect or the demand or to supply and consequently also does not have to affect the exit. Criticism new is that the crucial question is because has more money to pay for the same old real exit. If this question will be answered, will show that dynamically, exactly while the actual value remains accurately the same, exit in real terms can move, because the additional money only allows that the additional exit is negotiated. The source curve can dislocate such that in the old price, the new raised exit more is vendida. This possible displacement if.not without additional money. Of this point of the sight, a price is similar to a chance cost, that is, what it must be given above in the exchange for the good one or gives maintenance services that are being bought. For the example, if x=1 and y=2, the relative price of x in the terms of y will be 2, and the price of y in the terms of x is 0.5. The price of an article is also called the point the price, special where it consults the store that adjust an limited number of points of the price. For the example, the general of Ringgit is a general store or of "the store five and currency of ten cents" that only adjust to points of the price in amounts uniforms, such as accurately one, two, three, five, or ten ringgits (among others). Another one stores (as store of the dollar, store of the pound, store euro, store 100-yen, and thus for ahead) only has an only point of the price ($1, £1?1, ¥100), though in some boxes this price can buy one of some very small articles more than. In the economy of Marxian, the increasing use of the prices as a convenient way to measure the economic value or negotiating of the trabalh-products is explained historicamente and anthropologically, in the terms of the development of the use of the money as the universal equivalent in the economic exchange. However, in a direction anthropological-description, the economists of Marxian argue a "price" are not necessarily an addition of the money; he could himself be what he wants that the proprietor of a good one starts in the return, when changing this good one. The prices of the money are mere the most common form of the prices. The economists of Marxian very distinguish strict between actual values and ideal prices. The actual values are carried through real prices of market in the commerce. The ideal prices are the hypothetical prices that would be carried through if determined circumstances if they applied. The majority of prices of the balance is the hypothetical prices, that are never carried through in the reality, and of use consequently limited, even so the prices notional can influence real the economic behavior. In accordance with economists of Marxian, when all the trabalh-products that exist in a economy will have the economic value, only one minority of them has actual values; the majority of the goods and the resources in in any height that are not being negotiated, and have better in a hypothetical price. Six criticisms the economists of Marxian who make of the neoclassical economy are this neoclassical theory of the price: The last objection is also interpreted to the times as paradox of the value, that was observed by economists classical. Adam Smith described what paradox is now called the diamond - the water: the diamonds command a higher price of the one than they wet, however the water is essential for the life, when the diamonds will be mere ornamentation. A solution offered to this paradox is with the theory of the utility delinquent proposal for Carl Menger, father of the school austrian of the economy. As the barber of William put it, volition human, the human subject, "was brought to the center of the period of training" for the economy of marginalist, as a tool negotiating. The economists neoclassical had looked for to clarify the open choices to the producers and the consumers in market situations, and thus the "fears that cleavages in the economic structure could have been unbridgeable could be suppressed". Without only denying the applicability of the theory austrian of the value as subjective, inside of determined contexts of the behavior of the price, Polish economist Oskar Lange felt that it was necessary to try a serious integration of the introspections of the economy classical politics with neo-classical economy. This would result then in a much more realistic theory of the price and the real behavior in reply to the prices. The theory of marginalist lacked any thing as a theory of the social structure of the real market that functions, and criticism outside lit for the controversy importanta initiated by Piero Sraffa disclosed that the majority of tenets foundational of the theory of marginalist of the value or if had reduced to tautologies, or that the theory was true only if the circumstances accountant-counter-factual if had applied. An introspection ignored frequent in the debates on the theory of the price is something that the business-oriented men are sharp cliente of: in different markets, the prices cannot in accordance with function the same principles except in some very abstract direction (and consequently not very useful). Of the economists politicians classical the Michal Kalecki knew that the prices for industrial goods if had held differently of the prices for agricultural goods, but this idea could be more extended more to other wide classrooms of the goods and the services.
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